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Technological advances have been seen in recent years in neurostimulation.
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In most European countries, the most common role of spinal cord stimulation is for peripheral ischemia. In the United States, the most common clinical role of spinal cord stimulation is for failed back surgery syndrome. Neurostimulation has been used for a variety of chronic pain indications including failed back surgery syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, diabetic neuropathy, intractable angina pectoris, and chronic migraine ( 2, 3).
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The administration of low-intensity electrical currents avoids pharmacological side effects. The goal is to improve pain and function. Neurostimulators deliver electrical energy to neuronal and glial structures. Historically, neuromodulation and continuous intrathecal analgesia were offered when conventional therapies fail ( 2, 3). Common percutaneous pain procedures include trigger point injections, intra-articular injections, spinal injections, nerve blocks, radiofrequency lesioning, epidural adhesiolysis, intradiscal procedures, and minimally invasive surgical spine procedures ( 1). Invasive nonsurgical techniques have a central role in the management of patients suffering from acute and chronic pain. Effective relief of pain and associated symptoms with closed-loop spinal cord stimulation system: preliminary results of the Avalon study. Hao Zhang (Department of Anesthesiology, Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center of PLA, Beijing, China).Ĭomment on: Russo M, Cousins MJ, Brooker C, et al. Email: and Peer Review: This article was commissioned and reviewed by the Academic Editor Dr. Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Policy of Dealing with Allegations of Research MisconductĬorrespondence to: Richard D.Policy of Screening for Plagiarism Process.